Monday, February 9, 2015

NYS EMS State EMS Council (SEMSCO) notes - Most recent meeting is on top




DISCLAIMER: These notes are a personal interpretation of events, information, meaning, and relevance by the
author, Mike McEvoy. All attempts at humor are intentional. www.mikemcevoy.com

News from the State EMS Council (SEMSCO) – May 2016 (page 1)

1. Excuse the extreme delay in getting these May 2016 notes out. You’ll also have to endure my interpretative efforts of those who actually attended as I was elsewhere. While I’d rather have poked my eyes out, I watched the on-line videos of the meetings, gleaning what I could from the artful masterpieces. Special thanks to Carol Brandt of Mohawk Ambulance for her meticulous notes that captured behind the scenes information.

2. The 2016 EMS Memorial Service was held on May 17th at the Empire State Plaza, attended by one of the largest crowds in history. What a fitting and memorable tribute to our fallen brothers and sisters and their families and loved ones. The attendance sent a message to the many elected officials and families about the strength of the bond we all share. If you missed it, visit www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPirfcgRLCY. Sadly, FDNY reports 1,000 of their members are currently ill from exposures sustained in the 9-1-1 attack.

3. PIER reported that 9 of the 18 Regional Councils submitted nominations for the annual NYS EMS awards (pretty pathetic). Ultimately, with some gentle encouragement (i.e., bashing over the head with a shovel), 15 regions sent in nominations. Awards will be presented at the Vital Signs Conference.

4. The Bureau announced a series of conference calls led by Council Chair Steve Kroll. The theme is business and financial stability of EMS services in a rapidly changing health care system. Calls were held in June and early July and will continue. Interested parties are welcome to join in:
 July 26 at 2pm: Integration of EMS into the healthcare system
 August 15 at 9am: Rural EMS
 September 6 at noon: Patient-centered EMS
 Others to be scheduled…
Call in information is as follows: 518-549-0500 (or 844-633-8697), Code 19290245#

5. Check and Inject NY now spans all 18 Regions, 382 agencies, 2,000 kits distributed, 4,000 people trained and 11 uses as of May which is like 1 per week, dude. Google it: www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=check+and+inject+ny.

6. In what were incredibly calm Medical Standards and SEMAC meetings, the NYS Collaborative Protocols were approved. Some notes from the workgroup: some regions will print copies but the intent is to distribute an app that will allow real time updates; eMOLST is being added (“What, what, what?” you say. Go to www.compassionandsupport.org/index.php/for_professionals/molst_training_center/emolst); roll out will involve different training in each region but much of the new content will be hosted on a University of Rochester LMS (that’s learning management system); and while controversial, patellar reductions will be included. Here’s why reducing patellar dislocations is important: the collaborative pain management protocols allow some pretty decent narcotic doses for painful orthopedic injuries. While patellar dislocations hurt like a mother, yet they are easily reduced – in fact, they often reduce just with patient movement. If you load a patient with a dislocated kneecap with narcotics to make them comfy and then reduce the dislocation: uh oh! Time to get out a BVM. Better to take a more logical approach and alleviate the pain.

7. Sad news for SEMAC and the STAC (State Trauma Advisory Council): Dr. Dan Bonville, a Trauma Surgeon from Albany Med who contributed greatly to both committees as well willing shared his expertise at QI meetings and conferences throughout NY, accepted a position in Houston. Many thanks for his dedication to advancing trauma care and EMS.
News from the State EMS Council (SEMSCO) – May 2016 (page 2)
DISCLAIMER: These notes are a personal interpretation of events, information, meaning, and relevance by the
author, Mike McEvoy. All attempts at humor are intentional. www.mikemcevoy.com

8. DHSES State Preparedness Training Center in Oriskany regularly offers active shooter, tactical EMS, remote location EMS, and EVOC training. A focus group has been established to assist in the development of relevant EMS training programs. In police work, this would be a clue: EMS attendance is not so good. Here’s their web site: www.dhses.ny.gov/sptc/.

9. Some changes to protocols and SEMAC Advisories: MAST Pants (BLS Protocol – page T-5), sentence 8 is changed from using MAST to splinting an unstable pelvis by applying a pelvic stabilizer device; the Hypoperfusion Protocol under Special Considerations #2 (SC-2) deletes Section V, essentially wiping MAST pants out of NYS Protocols. The SEMAC Advisory 97-04 on use of MAST is rescinded as is the 97-03 SEMAC Advisory on Hyperventilation in Severe TBI. Advisory 02-02 on AED for Pediatric Patients is also kyboshed. For all practical purposes, MAST is no longer in use. But wait! MAST remain in EMS Education documents, for what reason, no one knows. The pair you have in your ambulance is quite likely dry rotted and if you think you’re ever gonna get them to work, you may be delusional. Okay, after that word from our sponsor - lastly, a TAG has been established to review and update the alternative formulary, that document created during the era of drug shortages, allowing services to substitute medications when the protocol meds are not available or affordable.

10. DOH reports that PCRs are not getting to hospitals. SHOCKING (not). Uh…what to say? These are important, especially to trauma centers where PCRs are part of their certification process. Not like they’re unimportant otherwise…

11. A little budget item: the Health Commissioner is looking at whether Medicaid rates actually cover the cost of EMS services for a report to the legislature. I think we can all answer that question without much reflection. However, surveys sent to all 500 ambulance services with Medicaid Provider numbers resulted in 40 returns. That’s neither good nor helpful. The Bureau is updating their contact/email list in case that had some influence on the poor return rate. If you get an inquiry, it’s not spam.

12. Training and Education (T&E) reported exam results were reporting in an average of 12 – 14 days. Through May 2016, pass rates were:

 Level    # tested      pass rate
CFR        1.419         92.8%
EMt         3,560        89.41%
AEMT     37            79.18%
CC           54             95.1%
P              558           88.61%

An item development workshop was held May 2-3, resulting in creation of 250 new test questions for the NYS written exams. Of course, they all need to be piloted. Additionally, the 4 hour course needed for CICs who qualify for certification taking the NAEMSE class (as opposed to the NYS CIC Course) can now be done on-line through the Moodle portal at www.vitalsignsconference.com. The first set of instructor (CLI & CIC) exams were administered May 19th. No word yet on pass rates.

13. An amendment is in the works to Policy Statement 13-06 to require active riding status when renewing any CIC certification expired for more than 2 years. Apparently, under a recent change allowing CICs to recertify even if they are not actively riding, a CIC expired for 18 years was able to recert. Go figure; there’s always a loophole to close.
News from the State EMS Council (SEMSCO) – May 2016 (page 3)

14. For those inquiring minds fascinated with specialty course funding, the Bureau has modified reimbursement for CIU (Certified Instructor Update) courses to reimburse at a rate of $15 per student versus the previous flat fee per class. Specialty course sponsors can also now charge additional tuition for any classes, if they wish to do so.

15. Got out your barf bags. CC is under review again. This time, a TAG has been appointed to compare AEMT to CC curriculum and protocols. Rich Beebe, who worked extensively on implementation of the EMS Educational Standards for AEMT told Med Standards that AEMT with some additions should be considered as a potential replacement for CC in some areas of NYS. There is also strong interest in programs that would transition CCs to Paramedic, a successful program recently concluded downstate. Of course, there are also folks who intend to fight to the end to keep the CC level intact despite it having no national equivalent. The whole thing oughta be interesting…

16. So, the National Registry is in the process of rolling out new psychomotor testing which raises the question of what NYS should do if the NREMT practical exams change. Our PSE (Practical Skills Exam, for you young folk) sheets mirror the NREMT forms. Short answer: T&E is keeping a watchful eye on the rollout. Stay tuned…

17. Finance reports that templates have gone out to Regional Councils and Program Agencies soliciting budget requests for 2017/18. Like it really makes any difference; budgets have not changed since the 1980’s (when hippies were fashionable).

18. Systems Committee voted, and SEMSCO approved a decision to reverse the Wyoming Erie Regional EMS Council’s determination denying an application by Mercy EMS to expand their operating territory to include the Town of Concord and Village of Springville in Erie County.

19. Legislative motioned and SEMSCO approved opposing any changes in NY Helmet laws. 
Assembly bill 3241 www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2015/a3241/amendment/original would make any motorcycle operator aged 21 or older exempt from wearing a helmet. Thus far, 30 states have repealed their helmet laws. They don’t call them donor cycles for nothin’.

20. A little update on community paramedicine: since the vociferous objections raised last legislative session by the home care industry, there is an effort underway this year to approve legislation to build a Community and Hospital Home Care Collaboration Program, designed to step outside existing laws and regulations to evaluate novel ways of addressing gaps in care. Should this legislation pass, EMS may have a window into Community Paramedicine or Mobile Integrated Health or whatever you want to call it.

21. Policy Statement 00-13 on Red Lights and Siren use is 16 years old and 7 pages long. It’s due for a revision. The Safety Committee is all over it…Code 3.

22. The psychic hotline knew you were calling…and, “presto!” – 2016 ERGs (Emergency Response Guidebooks) are out. These lovable little orange HazMat guides are distributed by your County Fire Coordinator. You could get yourself a digital copy on-line OR (say it isn’t so) download it as an app for your phone: http://phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/outreach-training/erg.

23. If you know anyone interested in the EMSC (that’s Emergency Medicine for Children in baby speak) Committee at DOH, there are multiple openings: look at the committee membership list at www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/emsc/index.htm.

24. NYS DOH launched a new TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) site with some pretty kewl resources: www.health.ny.gov/prevention/injury_prevention/traumatic_brain_injury/.
News from the State EMS Council (SEMSCO) – May 2016 (page 4)
DISCLAIMER: These notes are a personal interpretation of events, information, meaning, and relevance by the
author, Mike McEvoy. All attempts at humor are intentional. www.mikemcevoy.com

25. EMS conferences of interest include Pulse Check which is moving this year from Suffern back to Albany, September 29 – October 1 www.nysvara.org and Vital Signs in Syracuse, Oct 13 – 16 www.vitalsignsconference.com. Registration for both is currently open.

26. Those of you familiar with Pulse Check know that my partner in crime Rich Beebe, who helped me coordinate the annual event for the past 7 years, died very tragically on June 5th, 2016 from injuries sustained in a motorcycle crash: www.legacy.com/obituaries/timesunion-albany/obituary.aspx?pid=180265144 Rich was a consummate EMS professional, well known across New York State for his work as a paramedic author, CIC and mentor to many. His long standing involvement with the SEMSCO Training and Education Committee, his dedication to state and regional curriculum and protocol development and continued revision, as well as his work nationally on the boards of directors of NAEMSE (National Association of EMS Educators) and CECBEMS (recently renamed to CAPCE or the Commission on Accreditation for Pre-hospital Continuing Education) helped touch every single one of us. Rich was an icon, larger than life, an in-your-face instructor who did everything in his power to make EMS providers the best they could be. Most importantly, he was a great friend not only to me, but to many. His death leaves a large hole in EMS both nationally and across New York State that all of us will need to fill. In his memory, I will be asking the PIER Committee to consider renaming the EMS Educator of Excellence annual award in his honor. In my mind, there could be no greater recognition of everything Rich did locally, regionally, statewide, and nationally to advance EMS education. A FB Memorial www.facebook.com/Remembering-Richard-Beebe-1729366273988819/ includes (scroll down) Alex Downey’s Last Call Tribute video. Godspeed to our brother.

27. SEMSCO will next meet on September 13-14 and again January 10-11 in 2017. The meetings will remain at the Hilton Garden Inn in Troy.
These notes respectfully prepared by Mike McEvoy who previously represented the NYS Association of Fire Chiefs on SEMSCO before (finally) being replaced by Mike Murphy. Contact Mike at McEvoyMike@aol.com or visit www.mikemcevoy.com. If you want a personal copy of these “unofficial” SEMSCO minutes delivered directly to your email account, go to http://eepurl.com/iaXHY to put yourself on the list (or adjust your delivery settings) or go to the Saratoga County EMS Council NYS EMS News page at www.saratogaems.org/NYS_EMS_Council.htm. There, you’ll find a link to the list server dedicated exclusively to circulating these notes and all the past copies of NYS EMS News parked at the bottom of the page. Feel free to download any notes you missed. Tell your friends. The more, the merrier.

News from the State EMS Council (SEMSCO) – March 2016                               (page 1)

1.      Medical Standards and SEMAC approved protocol revisions from NYS and Suffolk.  Glucagon garnered some discussion and debate. The medication has seen some critical shortages, skyrocketing costs and is more likely to expire than be administered to a patient.  While no definitive conclusion was reached, glucagon may be headed for extinction in NY ALS protocols.  Speaking of extinction, two long outdated SEMAC advisories: 97-01 on hemophilia and 97-02 recommending biphasic AEDs, got the boot.  SEMAC Advisories are compiled at the bottom of the Bureau of EMS Policy Statements page (www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/policy/policy.htm) and on the protocols and advisories page at www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/semac_advisories.htm.
2.      On the subject of protocols, participation in the NY Collaborative Protocol set continues to grow, covering more than half of NY Regions.  SEMAC encourages any region not currently participating to do a little “side-by-side” comparison of theirs to the Collaborative set (pick a region, like REMO www.remo-ems.com/emergency-medical-services/protocols and have a look-see).  Fortune tellers across NY see the possibility of a statewide ALS protocol set somewhere in their crystal balls.
3.      Applause, applause to the Bureau for publishing a fully updated version of the BLS protocols on their web site!  Yes, you heard that right; no longer do you need to download and assemble a myriad of revisions to have an up to date BLS Protocol set.  Instead, hop over to www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/protocol.htm, download version 16.02 and amaze your friends with your awesomeness.
4.      No Med Standards meeting would be complete without a little spat and true to form, there was a good one having to do with tourniquets.  You may recall the hemorrhage control protocol, first approved in May 2015 but not really approved because it never was voted on, finally approved for real with a December 2015 vote?  Now, it seems that the, “high and tight” versus “3 inches above the wound” ignited debate, and one that seemed might never end.  Final resolution revised the T-2 Bleeding and Hemorrhage flow chart to recommend placing tourniquets 3” above the wound UNLESS the scene is unstable or it is not possible to fully assess the extremity in which case, high and tight application is acceptable.  Look for that revision soon.  Oh, and that version 16.02 BLS protocol set was up to date until a few minutes ago…
5.      Speaking of forgetting to vote, it appears the motion allowing BLS acquisition of 12-lead ECGs discussed ad nauseum last December was never voted on.  Problem solved: SEMAC and SEMSCO motioned, voted and approved it.  If you’re feeling a little twinge of chest pain, you’re safe now.
6.      In the category of weird requests, SEMAC was asked to approve a medical device called the LifeVac (www.lifevac.net) which is some sort of anti-choking device that can protect you and your family, no prescription required.  Purportedly, this device was being touted as equivalent to portable suction.  Long story short, SEMAC does not approve medical devices.  Clearly, it is not equivalent to any DOH required suction.  Just sayin’
7.       The “Check & Inject NY” demonstration project suffered a little setback when the Bureau advised participants that the program does not absolve services from having to carry epinephrine auto injectors as described in Policy Statement 10-01.  There may or may not be many teeth to this as auto injectors were never actually added to the State Emergency Medical Services Code Required Equipment List (Part 800.24), a caveat needed to actually enforce Policy Statement 10-01.  Regardless, the demonstration project is proceeding and we’ll know the results in another year or so.  Stay tuned…
8.      Transcare, a major private ambulance service in the NY Metro and Hudson Valley regions, declared bankruptcy and abruptly closed shop in late February, causing FDNY and others to quickly pick up the slack (https://transcare.candidatecare.jobs/).  Having known about the company’s financial woes for several months, preplans were in place and seemed to go smoothly by all accounts.  Downstream effects on employees, families, students and course sponsors with ride time affiliation agreements will take longer to resolve.  The closure is reminiscent of other municipalities who’ve found themselves scrambling to provide EMS when a provider suddenly closes shop.   The Systems Committee had a lengthy discussion about service failures and closures, noting that NYS continues to see closures of volunteer services.
9.      Interestingly, despite all the hoopla and pressure brought to bear on DOH, meeting after meeting, to roll out regulations allowing ambulance administered blood transfusions, (see DOH Policy Statement 15-06 at www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/policy/policy.htm, only one service has been approved under the new regs which rolled out last September.  Perhaps the bleeding stopped?
10.  The 2016 EMS Memorial Service will be on Tuesday, May 17th starting at 11:00am at the Empire State Plaza.  See www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/emsmemorial.htm.  Six new Line of Duty Deaths will be added to the Memorial this year; four are 9-11 related, reminding us of the losses we continue to suffer from the attack on our nation.  Any services interested in honoring our fallen brothers and sisters by sending an ambulance are asked to contact Donna Johnson at 518-402-0996.
11.  Training and Education (T&E) reported a landmark year for EMS testing in 2015 with a total of 19,375 exams given, the highest since 2011.  Below are some stats of interest:
Level
# tested 2015
pass rate 2015
pass rate 2014
CFR
3,720
92.15%
91.87%
EMT
13,556
83.61%
82.12%
AEMT
117
72.13%
51.6%
CC
322
89.3%
89.13%
P
1,660
87.68%
88.23%
The total cost for exams in 2015 was $213,125.  Had the testing used National Registry exams, the cost would have been $1,385,020. 
12.  Instructor Exams are ready and administration will begin in May.  Any CIC or CLI expiring during or after May 2016 will need to take the written CLI or CIC instructor exam instead of the state written EMS exam.  The CIC and CLI Exams each have 50 items and 5 additional pilot questions, all based on the NAEMSE, Foundations of Education: An EMS Approach, 2e textbook and DOH course policies.  The passing score will be 70 and instructors will only need to pass the exam once (in their career) to maintain their certification (in addition to the other recertification requirements).  One retest will be permitted and remediation required after two failures.  The Bureau will soon release a Moodle review course for some of the old rusty instructors out there that need to brush up on educational methodology.  SEMSCO approved the new exam and elimination of the required 85 passing score for instructors.  Can I get an, “Amen”?  A new instructor policy statement will be out shortly with the down and dirty details.
13.  After several years (yup, years) of trial runs and testing, a new CLI curriculum was approved.  The Bureau will crunch the numbers to see if $$ allocated to the (now defunct) prescreening could be added into reimbursement for the CLI course.
14.  In the continued “lean” efforts at the Bureau, certification cards will soon be printed in-house.  The greatest advantage will be to CME participants who sometimes experienced delays waiting for printing of their cards batched with monthly written exam schedules.
15.  T&E wishes to remind services that, while CPAP is mentioned in the EMT Educational Standards, it is not covered sufficiently to prepare an EMT to use it.  CPAP is a regional add-on, requiring approval of the REMAC and initial education provided by an ALS CIC.
16.  A report from the STAC (State Trauma Advisory Committee) noted that trauma alerts from EMS to receiving hospitals are often not timely.  Spread the word: if you want a trauma team ready, they need an earlier heads up!
17.  The Systems Committee reminds services that a Transfer of Operating Authority (TOA) is required to be filed when any person holding 10% or more of a service transfers their ownership or dies.  Systems also completed a review of the TOA procedure and will be forwarding draft revisions to Regional Councils for comment.
18.  The Bureau noted that BLS-FR (that’s First Response, in case you missed it) applications are being denied for services not participating in local EMS systems.  These include college first response teams, industrial brigades and others not doing 9-1-1 responses.  This does not prohibit them from operating but does prevent them from using the limited training dollars which are accessible to organizations with a DOH agency code.
19.  The U.S. DOT has funded a two year project to study fatigue in EMS workers.  Several groups are collaborating on this project and hope to produce some evidence based guidelines for EMSers.  Follow the project work at www.emsfatigue.org.
20.  The Federation of Associations of Regulatory Board's (FARB) license verification site (www.imis100us2.com/FARB/LookUpALicense) now includes EMTs in all but 12 states.  Yup, you are psychic: New York is one of the 12.  You can however, look up an EMS certification if you have access to the NYS Health Commerce System (which you can get through your County Public Health peeps).
21.  Some upcoming conferences for you to scope out include the STEP Conference in Rochester, April 7 – 9 www.stepems.org;  Greater Buffalo EMS Conference, April 15-16 www.buffaloemsconference.com;  Supervisors Boot Camp (for your front-line bosses), May 3-4 in Bennington, VT https://www.eventbrite.com/e/ems-supervisors-bootcamp-tickets-22579997380;  Initial Assessment Conference in Lake Placid, May 19 – 22  www.initialassessmentconference.com;  NYS Fire Chiefs Fire 2016 in Verona, June 15 – 18 www.nysfirechiefs.com; Pulse Check in Albany, September 29 – October 1 www.nysvara.org; Vital Signs in Syracuse,  Oct 13 – 16 www.vitalsignsconference.com.
22.  SEMSCO will next meet on May 24-25, then September 13-14 and again January 10-11 in 2017.  The meetings will remain at the Hilton Garden Inn in Troy.  

Interesting and sometimes discouraging unofficial notes from our state leadership meetings.  It helps explain why sometimes we seem so dysfunctional.

News from the State EMS Council (SEMSCO) January 2015
DISCLAIMER: These notes are a personal interpretation of events, information, meaning, and relevance by the author, Mike McEvoy. All attempts at humor are intentional.



1. Right at the top of the, "2015 Biggest Uh Oh’s" list was a message from the legal eagles at the State Division of Legal Affairs (DLA) informing SEMSCO that their May 1, 2015 deadline for ALS services to possess and administer controlled substances (CS) was out of order and needs to be done through the State Regulatory process. Interesting; and you can bet your bippy that the news spiked a bunch of blood pressures to TIA levels. Apparently, the Policy Statement (#13-07, to be exact), written by the Bureau at the behest of SEMSCO and SEMAC, imposes a, "criteria for doing business," (a CS license). Any such mandates need to be issued as NYS Regulations. So, the DLA folks will work expeditiously with the Bureau to propose said Regulation; they provided a polite bureaucratic response to questions from SEMAC on timeline ("as soon as possible"). SEMAC members noted, in between self-administered doses of nitroglycerine, that the impetus behind the DLA intervention was most likely Nassau County EMS services who have repeatedly sought exceptions to the approaching (now defunct) deadline. SEMAC reiterated their intent to assure that every ALS service carry medications to terminate a seizure and treat patients in pain, despite this setback. Members of SEMAC consider CS a standard of care. They did clarify with DLA that REMACs could remove agency medical directors in their regions who fail to assure their services carry CS. Any guesses on what happens next? The psychic hotline knows…

2. The Spinal Motion Restriction TAG, chaired by Dr. Joe Bart from Buffalo (now famous for his pronouncement that standing takedowns should be prosecuted as misdemeanors), presented their report. To summarize the 14-page document, subsequently approved by SEMAC and SEMSCO, the current Suspected Spinal Injuries (SSI) protocol should be revised to treat any patient with a SSI by application of a properly fitted cervical collar and minimizing spinal movement. Electing not to use a backboard will not constitute a deviation from the standard of care. The report and revised SSI protocol were well aligned with everything we’ve seen, read and heard of late about spinal immobilization. However, that’s where the agreement ended as there were wide variations in predicted rollout timeframes. Training and Education and the Bureau projected a January 2017 rollout; some physicians called for a Summer 2015 rollout; others just rolled their eyes. Suffice it to say, you won’t be seeing a new SSI protocol next week.
3. Suffolk County asked and received approval to undertake a study of EMTs using a single lumen double cuffed supra glottic airway (SGA) in cardiac arrest patients. Other regions are welcome to hop on the study with Suffolk. For those not savvy with generic names, we’re talking the King™ airway (www.kingsystems.com). Should be an interesting trial and yes, waveform capnography is required, even at the BLS level.


4. Exsanguinating hemorrhage not amenable to tourniquets is a distressing problem brought to light by recent active shooter events. SEMAC established a TAG charged with reviewing NYS hemorrhage control protocols to address this conundrum.
5. Proposed changes to Part 800 published in the New York State Register on September 17, 2014 received voluminous comments; substantive enough that revisions were made. These changes reviewed and approved by SEMSCO and will appear shortly in the NYS Register www.health.ny.gov/regulations/proposed_rulemaking for a 30-day comment period. Clarifications and revisions have largely eliminated concerns that generated all the hullabaloo from multiple NYS EMS services.


6. Medical Standards was once again an action packed and adventure filled meeting. A revised BLS Respiratory Distress protocol was discussed; the revisions intended to add

News from the State EMS Council (SEMSCO) – January 2015 (page 2)
DISCLAIMER: These notes are a personal interpretation of events, information, meaning, and relevance by the author, Mike McEvoy. All attempts at humor are intentional. www.mikemcevoy.com

 


CPAP to the BLS skill set. The question of whether asthma should be included as a CPAP indication was raised but lacking any published evidence or reported problems with asthmatics, Med Standards left it in. The NYS Formulary (list of allowable ALS meds) was reviewed, leading to a lengthy discussion on the utility of including dosing information. In the end, the formulary was updated as a drug list only with the dosing information to be maintained as a separate reference document. A revision to the NYC ESU (NYPD Emergency Services Unit) ALS protocols to allow midazolam administration on standing orders was approved. In a stroke of sheer genius, Med Standards and SEMAC approved a motion to allow any SEMAC approved protocol to be utilized by another region with appropriate notice to DOH. In other words, if the Region next door to you had the most awesome and amazing ALS protocol for crotch rocket motorcycle crashes into Stewart’s shops and your region wanted to copy it, they no longer need to submit it to SEMAC for approval. Instead, they just send a letter to DOH advising they intend to adopt and presto!

7. Training and Educations had a fact filled meeting. The Bureau announced a "makeover" in the Regional Faculty program. There are 200 current and 117 active RF with 43 active program coordinators. The Bureau hopes to allocate 2 RF to each County and 2 Program Coordinators to each specialty course sponsor. Likely, current RF will be asked to reapply. With the in-house processing of exam scores and cards, results have been consistently out in less than 4 weeks, ranging from 18 – 28 days from exam date. The Bureau is considering a digital certification card system. The instructor fast track program using the NAEMSE course continues to be successful. Of 176 who completed the NAEMSE class, 73 are now CICs, 53 are in their CLI internship phase and 45 are in their CIC internship. 124 of these candidates were not CLIs prior to entering the fast-track program; 52 were CLIs. 2014 saw 23,727 students enroll in EMT and CFR classes (16,026 eligible for funding); 15,725 made it to the Practical Skills Exam (PSE); 270 failed and 14,275 passed the written exam. 3,816 enrolled in AEMT, CC and Paramedic courses (3,301 eligible for funding); 1,649 made it to their PSE; 9 failed and 1,666 passed the written exam. Here’s a breakdown by level of the numbers tested and 2014 pass rates:

Level Number Tested Pass Rate
CFR 4,051 91.87%
EMT 12,389 82.12%
AEMT 162 51.60%
CC 317 89.13%
P 1,693 88.23%


News from the State EMS Council (SEMSCO) September 2014
DISCLAIMER: These notes are a personal interpretation of events, information, meaning, and relevance by the author, Mike McEvoy. All attempts at humor are intentional.

1.      By all accounts, the hot story of 2014 has turned cold.  A mere week after the SEMSCO and SEMAC meetings, the Bureau updated their EMS testing web page, removing the ominous “tentative” markings parked in front of each future exam date.  The panic over whether the Office of the State Comptroller (OSC) would award a new testing contract is over.  Phew!  www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/certification/test.htm lists the exam dates.  The new contractor, Pro Exam (www.proexam.org) is the same Professional Examination Service (PES) that previously held the written exam contract.

2.      Medical Standards never fails to disappoint those seeking excitement.  The REMO ALS Collaborative Protocols were approved following a bit of, “tit for tat” regarding dosing by micrograms per minute versus micrograms per kilogram per minute.  The protocols take effect January 1, 2015 but not for the ‘collaborator’ regions unless each notifies SEMAC that they endorse the REMO revisions.   The banter rapidly escalated into a discourse over AEMT scope of practice and endotracheal intubation.  While not included in the National EMS Educational Standards, ET was included in the NY AEMT curriculum, apparently a holdover from the EMT-Intermediate level of care.  This revelation both surprised and perplexed those at the meeting.  Several regions have not included intubation in their AEMT protocols; the Bureau maintains that material in a curriculum must be taught and tested, regardless of regional authorizations of practice.

3.      The Finger Lakes gang presented results of their BLS CPAP Demonstration Project which included three other regions (Suffolk, Adirondack-Appalachian and Mountain Lakes).  CPAP administrations during the roughly 2 year trial were quite low (15 patients) but the sponsors argued their findings suggest EMTs can safely deliver CPAP.  In response, Med Standards and SEMAC approved CPAP for use at the EMT and AEMT level.  Hold your PEEP, however; this first needs approval by the Health Commissioner. 

4.      On the subject of changes, the Bureau requested that any region discontinuing post-cardiac arrest therapeutic hypothermia kindly notify SEMAC of such.  Currently, some Regions continue to cool post-ROSC; most not.  In the same vein, when regions approve upgrades or downgrades in EMS agency levels of service, the Bureau should be advised.  Psychics, they are not.

5.      A lengthy discussion followed a presentation by the Spinal Immobilization TAG (charged with revising spinal immobilization and related protocols).  The TAG found current NYS protocols conflict significantly with best practices and best available evidence.  They cited the National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) and American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT) position paper on spinal precautions and long backboards released nearly two years ago  www.naemsp.org/Documents/Position%20Papers/POSITION%20EMS%20Spinal%20Precautions%20and%20the%20Use%20of%20the%20Long%20Backboard.pdf noting that cervical immobilization does not imply need for complete spinal immobilization; that a backboard is not an appropriate immobilization device; that requiring any collared patient to be secured to a long backboard (LBB) deviates from the current standard of care; and extensive overhauls are needed in the NYS Protocols.  One member of the TAG stated that he personally would love to see standing takedown made a misdemeanor criminal offense in NYS.  Based on the report, it appears a TAG will be appointed to review the original TAG and report back at a future meeting.  Yup, you read that correctly. 

6.      The Nassau County Executive wrote SEMAC asking them to amend DOH Policy Statement 13-07 to allow services to meet the requirement for controlled substances by contracting with neighboring agencies.  The May 1, 2015 deadline for ALS services to possess and administer controlled substances (CS) per their regional protocols (see www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/policy/policy.htm) is rapidly approaching.   The Nassau County request to amend the policy was not endorsed by SEMAC or SEMSCO.

7.      There was a loooong discussion at SEMAC regarding Policy Statement 12-03 requiring services leave a copy of their PCR or equivalent information (see www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/policy/policy.htm) prior to leaving the ED.  Physicians believe that many services are not complying with the policy.  The Bureau is willing to take enforcement action, but has not received complaints.  You heard it here first. 

8.      The Community Paramedicine TAG presented a 17-page paper, “Achieving Mobile Integrated Health Care Through Use of Community Paramedicine” for endorsement by SEMSCO.  The document will be used to encourage legislators to make necessary changes in Public Health Law lifting current restrictions against EMS providers practicing in any non-emergency setting or situation.

9.      Here’s a prediction: during November/December, you’ll get a letter from State EMS Director Lee Burns regarding Transportation Assistance Levels (TALs).  A movement is afoot to create a statewide, standardized nomenclature to assist with evacuation and sheltering during disasters.  Stay tuned…

10.  Ebola is increasingly in the news, no kidding.  The NYC REMAC issued an Ebola Advisory in August www.nycremsco.org/images/articlesserver/2014-06%20Ebola%20REMAC%20Advisory.pdf that was followed by rapid fire advisories from every which direction after the fiasco in Dallas a short time ago.  The CDC also sent out a Detailed Checklist for EMS Ebola Preparedness, downloadable from www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/ems-checklist-ebola-preparedness.pdf.  They also set up a web site with information for 9-1-1 caller screening and EMS service recommendations for screening, transport, decon, etc.  This site is being updated daily by the CDC: www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/interim-guidance-emergency-medical-services-systems-911-public-safety-answering-points-management-patients-known-suspected-united-states.html   The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains a site with up to date info and recommendations at www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/.  Bottom line for EMSers: if you have no idea how to screen a patient for Ebola and no clue what PPE you need for an Ebola patient, it’s time to get your head outta the sand, post haste!

11.  Taking a back seat to Ebola, but accounting for more considerably more infections in New York State, is enterovirus D68 (EV-D68).  This virus causes respiratory illness, primarily in children, some severe enough to require hospitalization.  CDC has a web page with EV-D68 info at www.cdc.gov/non-polio-enterovirus/hcp/EV-D68-hcp.html.

12.  NYSCON is a sexy DOH web site established to process health care facility CON (Certificate of Need) applications (www.health.ny.gov/facilities/cons).  Guess what? EMS has been roped into this electronic platform.  Discussions are in early stages presently, but you might want to scout it out (at which point you’ll see there’s nothing sexy about it).

13.  Training and Education had a lengthy discussion on creating a new level of CIC specifically for those who work only in CME programs.  The idea went overhead like a lead balloon.  On the topic of CICs, another 37 people completed the fast track CIC program in August, bringing the total to 123 who have gone through the program since it was approved.  Of those, 56 are now CICs.  Impressive. 

14.  TIMS is the latest new course from the US DOT.  Expect to see Traffic Incident Management programs soon (http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/about/tim.htm).  New York’s DOT is in on it as well: www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/oom/transportation-systems/systems-optimization-section/ny-moves/tim/tim-resources.

15.  Golden Hour, the vendor that successfully sued emsCharts (www.emscharts.com) for patent infringement has now acquired emsCharts.  Golden Hour plans to operate emsCharts as a wholly owned subsidiary and it should be, “business as usual,” from all indications.   A list of FAQs is available from emsCharts at www.emscharts.com/pub/docs/emsCharts%20Golden%20Hour%20FAQ%20Sep%202014.pdf?utm_source=Frequently+Asked+Questions&utm_campaign=GH+FAQ&utm_medium=email.   This is a HUGE relief for administrators who were forced to search for replacement PCR vendors.  And if you’re looking for your old emsCharts rep Joe Meath, he’s back from a stint with ESO and can again be reached at jmeath@emscharts.com. 

16.  On the subject of PCRs, the Bureau expects to begin migration up to the NEMSIS version 3 dataset (http://nemsis.org/v3/index.html) by November (that’s this November, 2014).  Take note: your PCR vendor should be gearing up to collect and send PCR information in the NEMSIS 3 (National EMS Information System) format.  If not, you’d better start asking why.

17.  The Safety Committee finalized recommendations for EMS response to active shooter and hybrid targeted violence incidents as well as draft revisions to the DOH-4461 Reportable Incident Form.  Look for both from the Bureau (great stocking stuffers, maybe).

18.  The revised NFPA 1917 Ambulance Standard (www.nfpa.org/1917) is on schedule for a December 12, 2014 release, final publication during August 2015 and implementation beginning 2016.  CAAS, the Commission on Accreditation of Ambulance Services (www.caas.org) organized a series of meetings to develop a consensus based ground ambulance standard and although discouraged by key stakeholders from working outside rather than within the NFPA process, nonetheless released their own draft standard for public comment until December 1, 2014: www.groundvehiclestandard.org/?page_id=53.  For those savvy in the federal KKK ambulance purchasing spec, the CAAS document seems little more than a rehash of KKK.  The GSA has announced plans to sunset KKK once NFPA 1917 publishes in 2015.  Be interesting to see how this shakes out.

19.  Blood is coming, 45 days from August 13th, 2014 when proposed rules were published in the New York Register.  The rules create ambulance transfusion services, allowing paramedics to administer blood and blood products under certain circumstances.  Check https://govt.westlaw.com/nyreg/Document/Id2abcbbe1e3d11e4acf20000845b8d3e?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)  for the details.

20.  Also published in the New York State Register on September 17, 2014 were proposed changes to Part 800 that would make the CME program permanent, clarify suspension and certification requirements, and clean up Part 800 language (such as EMT-D).  These rules are planned to take effect on November 3, 2014.  See https://govt.westlaw.com/nyreg/Document/I761b99c239bd11e4b6900000845b8d3e?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default).

21.  Vital Signs 2014 October 23 – 26th will be in Rochester (www.vitalsignsconference.com).  If you decide to go, you’ll have dibs on Vital Signs polo shirts, on sale for the first time ever.  EMS Today is returning to Baltimore February 25 – 28th, 2015 (www.emstoday.com).

22.  Here’s a little ditty from the Systems Committee handouts: NYS Penal Code §240.50(2) makes reporting an emergency where none exists a Class A Misdemeanor.  If you suspect that a Medicaid enrollee is abusing emergency ambulance services, the Medicaid Transportation Policy Unit would like to hear from you.  Send the Medicaid enrollees name, Medicaid identification number and circumstances of the perceived abuse to MedTrans@health.ny.gov or call them at 518-473-2160.  The Office of the Medicaid Inspector General’s Recipient Fraud Unit will investigate referrals made by the Medicaid Transportation Policy Unit.  Fine print: enrollee names and identification numbers are PHI (protected health information) and need to be forwarded in a secure format.

23.  MONOC, the organization responsible for last year’s famed Siren video, has produced a Safety Vest video.  Both are available for free download at www.monoc.org.  Check ‘em out!

24.  The SEMSCO nominating committee for 2015 offered a slate of officers: Chair – Daniel Blum (Westchester REMSCO), 1st Vice Chair – Steven Kroll (Healthcare Association of NYS) and 2nd Vice Chair – Patty Bashaw (Mountain Lakes REMSCO).  The slate was elected unanimously (following proper parliamentary procedure, of course).

25.  SEMSCO has one more meeting currently on the calendar: January 13-14, 2015 at the Hilton Garden Inn in Troy.  If you’re looking for info, you can take a look at the meeting page: www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/meetings_and_events.htm.




News from the State EMS Council (SEMSCO) January 2014
DISCLAIMER: These notes are a personal interpretation of events, information, meaning, and relevance by the author, Mike McEvoy. All attempts at humor are intentional. www.mikemcevoy.com.
1. Note: This issue has been temporarily resolved through the August 2014 test date. Already widely circulated in the EMS rumor mill is word that the NYS EMS written testing contract expires April 1, 2014 and may not be reinstated in time to prevent an interruption in NYS written exams. Before you run screaming from the room in panic and incite a riot amongst your local EMSers, take note of the whole story. Yes, indeed the contract does expire April 1 and no, it does not appear that the wonderfully efficient NYS Bureaucracy will have a new contract in place prior to April 1. Several things could happen including approval of a proposal from the Bureau of EMS to allow a 5 month “no cost extension” of the current contract. This would essentially use unspent monies remaining in the current contract to extend the deal with the present testing vendor. The Office of the State Controller (OSC) might actually approve a new testing contract in time to avoid any gaps. The State Council voted to send a letter to the Health Commissioner advising that any lapse in the testing contract would create a public health emergency. You can bet your bipee that State Fire and EMS Associations will be on the blower to legislators advising them of the same. Lastly, if all else fails and there is no written exam contract after April 1, DOH would s end students who complete courses a SAPA (State Administrative Procedures Act) letter allowing them to test as soon as a new contract is in place. Students whose cards expire after the written test date originally planned for their refresher courses would have their certification extended until a test became available. DOH estimates that there are 14,000 students who need to recertify between April and September this year (2014, in case you are not A&OX3). Students in original courses and refreshers who expired prior to their courses planned test dates would have to wait to test until contract is in place. As of this writing, word on the streets is that the 5-month extension will most likely be approved. Stay tuned...this here is a hot one!

To see the rest of the notes follow this link:


New York State State EMS Council (SEMSCO) notes

Friday, February 6, 2015

First Responders: New Square Hatzolah - EMS, Ebola Training

 
New Square - Earlier this night gathered up to 40 EMT's and Paramedics to the New Square Hatzolah Garage on Reagan Rd. To get important information how to treat a Ebola patient.
The course was given by the Captain Training/Quality Assurance Coordinator Frank Deschino
from Rockland Paramedics Services
Photos: YossiK/First Responders

 
 
 
 





 

Thursday, February 5, 2015

Thoracic Trauma - Traumatic Cardiac Tamponade



Cardiac tamponade is a clinical syndrome caused by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space /sac (Sac surrounding the heart), resulting in reduced ventricular filling and subsequent hemodynamic compromise. It can occur from both a medical and traumatic etiology.  In this post we will discuss Traumatic Cardiac Tamponade. The condition is a traumatic emergency, the complications of which include pulmonary edema, shock, and death.

The speed in which the fluid builds up in the pericardial sac is the largest factor in survival.  The faster the fluid accumulates the higher the mortality.  This is why traumatic cardiac tamponade are often more dangerous than those of a medical cause. Rapid accumulation of as little as 150mL of fluid can result in a marked increase in pericardial pressure and can severely impede cardiac output,[2] whereas 1000 mL of fluid may accumulate over a longer period without any significant effect on diastolic filling of the heart. This is due to adaptive stretching of the pericardium over time. A more compliant pericardium can allow considerable fluid accumulation over a longer period without hemodynamic insult.

Heart with pericardial sac opened.
 


X-ray showing the heart surrounded by a fluid filled pericardia sac.


Signs and symptoms

Symptoms vary with the acuteness and underlying cause of the tamponade. Patients with acute tamponade may present with dyspnea, tachycardia, and tachypnea. Cold and clammy extremities from hypoperfusion are also observed in some patients. Other symptoms may include the following:
  • Elevated jugular venous pressure (JVD)
  • Pulsus paradoxus
 
Beck triad

Described in 1935 by Claude Beck, this complex of physical findings, also called the acute compression triad, refers to increased jugular venous pressure, hypotension, and diminished heart sounds. These findings result from a rapid accumulation of pericardial fluid. This classic triad is usually observed in patients with acute cardiac tamponade.
 
The concept was developed by Claude Beck, a resident and later Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery at Case Western Reserve University.[
 
 

Management

Prehospital treatment.

The prehospital treatment of pericardial tamponade is mainly supportive.  Position of comfort if
thermodynamically stable, semifowlers in in respiratory distress, supine if in hypoperfusion,.  High concentration O2, temperature maintenance, rapid transport to the appropriate facility (trauma center).

In Hospital treatment

Removal of pericardial fluid is the definitive therapy for tamponade and can be done using the following three methods:
  • Emergency subxiphoid percutaneous drainage
  • Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis
  • Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy
The role of medication therapy in cardiac tamponade is limited.


Pericardiocentesis





Measles (Rubeola)

Measles (Rubeola)

 

We have by now all heard about the measles outbreak that started in Disneyland or Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim, California in December, 2014.  To date there have been over 100 cases of measles linked to this out break.  cases have shown up in 14 states including New York.
below is some information about measles. 

Measles is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by a virus. It spreads through the air through coughing and sneezing. Measles starts with a fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat, and is followed by a rash that spreads all over the body. About three out of 10 people who get measles will develop one or more complications including pneumonia, ear infections, or diarrhea. Complications are more common in adults and young children.

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of measles generally appear about seven to 14 days after a person is infected.
Measles typically begins with
  • high fever,
  • cough,
  • runny nose (coryza), and
  • red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis).
 
Two or three days after symptoms begin, tiny white spots (Koplik spots) may appear inside the
mouth.

Koplik Spots ( tiny white spots in the mouth)




Mouth of a patient with Koplik spots, an early sign of measles infection.

Three to five days after symptoms begin, a rash breaks out. It usually begins as flat red spots that appear on the face at the hairline and spread downward to the neck, trunk, arms, legs, and feet. Small raised bumps may also appear on top of the flat red spots. The spots may become joined together as they spread from the head to the rest of the body. When the rash appears, a person’s fever may spike to more than 104° Fahrenheit.
After a few days, the fever subsides and the rash fades.


Measles Rash

Skin of a patient after 3 days of measles infection.

Image of measles infection


Transmission of Measles


boy sneezingMeasles is a highly contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat mucus of an infected person. It can spread to others through coughing and sneezing. Also, measles virus can live for up to two hours on a surface or in an airspace where the infected person coughed or sneezed. If other people breathe the contaminated air or touch the infected surface, then touch their eyes, noses, or mouths, they can become infected. Measles is so contagious that if one person has it, 90% of the people close to that person who are not immune will also become infected.
Infected people can spread measles to others from four days before to four days after the rash appears.

Measles is a disease of humans; measles virus is not spread by any other animal species.

 

Complications

Measles can be a serious in all age groups. However, children younger than 5 years of age and adults older than 20 years of age are more likely to suffer from measles complications.

Common Complications

Common measles complications include ear infections and diarrhea.
  • Ear infections occur in about one out of every 10 children with measles and can result in permanent hearing loss.
  • Diarrhea is reported in less than one out of 10 people with measles.

Severe Complications

Some people may suffer from severe complications, such as pneumonia (infection of the lungs) and encephalitis (swelling of the brain). They may need to be hospitalized and could die.
  • As many as one out of every 20 children with measles gets pneumonia, the most common cause of death from measles in young children.
  • About one child out of every 1,000 who get measles will develop encephalitis (swelling of the brain) that can lead to convulsions and can leave the child deaf or mentally retarded.
  • For every 1,000 children who get measles, one or two will die from it.
Measles may cause pregnant woman to give birth prematurely, or have a low-birth-weight baby.

Frequently Asked Questions about Measles in the U.S.

 

Q: Has measles been eliminated from the United States?

A: Yes. In 2000, the United States declared that measles was eliminated from this country. The United States was able to eliminate measles because it has a highly effective measles vaccine, a strong vaccination program that achieves high vaccine coverage in children and a strong public health system for detecting and responding to measles cases and outbreaks.


Q: What does "measles elimination" mean?

A: Measles elimination is defined as the absence of continuous disease transmission for 12 months or more in a specific geographic area. Measles is no longer endemic (constantly present) in the United States.


Q: If measles is eliminated, why do people still get it in the United States?

A: Every year, measles is brought into the United States by unvaccinated travelers (Americans or foreign visitors) who get measles while they are in other countries. They can spread measles to other people who are not protected against measles, which sometimes leads to outbreaks. This can occur in communities with unvaccinated people.
Most people in the United States are protected against measles through vaccination, so measles cases in the U.S. are uncommon compared to the number of cases before a vaccine was available. Since 2000, when measles was declared eliminated from the U.S., the annual number of people reported to have measles ranged from a low of 37 people in 2004 to a high of 644 people in 2014.


Q: Where do cases of measles that are brought into the United States come from?

A: Measles can be brought into the United States from any country where the disease still occurs or where outbreaks are occurring including Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. In recent years, many measles cases have been brought into the United States from common U.S. travel destinations, such as England, France, Germany, India, and, during 2014, from the Philippines and Vietnam.
 

Q: Why have there been more measles cases in the United States in recent years?

A: In 2008, 2011, 2013 and 2014, there were more reported measles cases compared with previous years. CDC experts attribute this to:
  • more measles cases than usual in some countries to which Americans often travel (such as England, France, Germany, India, the Philippines and Vietnam), and therefore more measles cases coming into the US, and/or
  • more spreading of measles in U.S. communities with pockets of unvaccinated people.
 

Q: How effective is the measles vaccine?

A: The measles vaccine is very effective. One dose of measles vaccine is about 93% effective at preventing measles if exposed to the virus and two doses is about 97% effective.


Q: Could I still get measles if I am fully vaccinated?

A: Very few people—about three out of 100—who get two doses of measles vaccine will still get measles if exposed to the virus. Experts aren’t sure why; it could be that their immune systems didn’t respond as well as they should have to the vaccine. But the good news is, fully vaccinated people who get measles are much more likely to have a milder illness, and they are also less likely to spread the disease to other people, including people who can’t get vaccinated because they are too young or have weakened immune systems.


Q: Do I ever need a booster vaccine?

A: No. People who received two doses of measles vaccine as children according to the U.S. vaccination schedule are considered protected for life and do not ever need a booster dose.
Adults need at least one dose of measles vaccine, unless they have evidence of immunity. Adults who are going to be in a setting that poses a high risk for measles transmission, including students at post-high school education institutions, healthcare personnel, and international travelers, should make sure they have had two doses separated by at least 28 days.
If you’re not sure whether you were vaccinated, talk with your doctor.

Q: Am I protected against measles?

A: You are considered protected from measles if you have written documentation (records) showing at least one of the following:
  • You received two doses of measles-containing vaccine, and you are a(n)—
    • school-aged child (grades K-12)
    • adult who was not vaccinated as a child and will be in a setting that poses a high risk for measles transmission, including students at post-high school education institutions, healthcare personnel, and international travelers.
  • You received one dose of measles-containing vaccine, and you are a(n)—
    • preschool-aged child
    • adult who was not vaccinated as a child and will not be in a high-risk setting for measles transmission.
  • A laboratory confirmed that you had measles at some point in your life.
  • A laboratory confirmed that you are immune to measles.
  • You were born before 1957.


Q: What should I do if I’m unsure whether I’m immune to measles?

A: If you’re unsure whether you’re immune to measles, you should first try to find your vaccination records or documentation of measles immunity. If you do not have written documentation of measles immunity, you should get vaccinated with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Another option is to have a doctor test your blood to determine whether you’re immune, but this option is likely to cost more and will take two doctor’s visits. There is no harm in getting another dose of MMR vaccine if you may already be immune to measles (or mumps or rubella).

Q: How common was measles in the United States before the vaccine?

A: Before the measles vaccination program started in 1963, we estimate that about 3 to 4 million people got measles each year in the United States. Of those people, 400 to 500 died, 48,000 were hospitalized, and 4,000 developed encephalitis (brain swelling) from measles.


Q: Is measles a concern for the United States?

A: Yes. Since measles is still common in many countries, this disease will continue to be brought into the United States. Measles is highly contagious, so anyone who is not protected against measles is at risk of getting the disease. People who are unvaccinated for any reason, including those who refuse vaccination, risk getting infected with measles and spreading it to others, including those who cannot get vaccinated because they are too young or have specific health conditions.


Q: Could measles ever re-establish itself in the United States?

A: Yes, it is possible that measles could become endemic (constant presence of a disease in an area) in the United States again, especially if vaccine coverage levels drop. This can happen when people
  • forget to get vaccinated on time,
  • don’t know that they need a vaccine dose (this is most common among adults), or
  • refuse vaccines for religious, philosophical or personal reasons.
Research shows that people who refuse vaccines tend to group together in communities. When measles gets into communities with pockets of unvaccinated people, outbreaks are more likely to occur. These communities make it difficult to control the spread of the disease and make us vulnerable to having the virus re-establish itself in our country.
High sustained measles vaccine coverage and rapid public health response are critical for preventing and controlling measles cases and outbreaks.

 

Q: Will the United States ever get rid of measles completely?

A: Yes, it's possible. The first step is to eliminate measles from each country and region of the world. Once this happens, there will be no place from which measles can spread.
All member states in the six World Health Organization regions have committed to eliminating measles by the year 2020. Once a disease has been eliminated from every country, it is considered "eradicated" from the world. See the Measles and Rubella Initiative for more information.
 
 

Wednesday, February 4, 2015

Thoracic Trauma - Flail Segment and Pulmonary Contusions


Flail Segment
 
 

 
 
A flail chest occurs when a segment of the thoracic (rib) cage is separated from the rest of the chest wall. This is usually defined as at least two fractures per rib (producing a free segment), in at least two ribs. A segment of the chest wall that is flail is unable to contribute to lung expansion. Large flail segments will involve a much greater proportion of the chest wall and may extend bilaterally or involve the sternum. In these cases the disruption of normal pulmonary mechanics may be large enough to require mechanical ventilation
 
.The main significance of a flail chest however is that it indicates the presence of an underlying pulmonary contusion. In most cases it is the severity and extent of the lung injury that determines the care need and the possible requirement for mechanical ventilation. Thus the management of flail chest consists of standard management of the rib fractures and of the pulmonary tusions underneath.
 
Diagnosis
Most significant chest wall injuries will be identified by physical examination. Bruising, grazes or seat-belt signs are visible on inspection, and palpation may reveal the crepitus associated with broken ribs. Awake patients will complain of pain on palpation of the chest wall or on inspiration.
A flail chest is identified as paradoxical movement of a segment of the chest wall - ie indrawing on inspiration and moving outwards on expiration. This is often better noted by palpation than by inspection.
 
Pulmonary Contusion
 
 
 
 A pulmonary contusion is an injury to lung tissue, leading to edema and blood collecting in alveolar spaces and loss of normal lung structure & function. This blunt lung injury develops over the course of 24 hours, leading to poor gas exchange, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and decreased lung compliance. There is also a significant inflammatory reaction to blood components in the lung, and 50-60% of patients with significant pulmonary contusions will develop bilateral Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
 
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood. Infants can also have respiratory distress syndrome.

Causes

ARDS can be caused by any major direct or indirect injury to the lung. Common causes include:
  • Breathing vomit into the lungs (aspiration)
  • Inhaling chemicals
  • Lung transplant
  • Pneumonia
  • Septic shock (infection throughout the body)
  • Trauma
ARDS leads to a buildup of fluid in the air sacs (alveoli). This fluid prevents enough oxygen from passing into the bloodstream.
The fluid buildup also makes the lungs heavy and stiff, which decreases the lungs' ability to expand. The level of oxygen in the blood can stay dangerously low, even if the person receives oxygen from a ventilator through a endotracheal tube.

 
Pulmonary contusions occur in approximately 20% of blunt trauma patients and it is the most common chest injury in children. The reported mortality ranges from 10 to 25%, and 40-60% of patients will require mechanical ventilation. The complications of pulmonary contusion are ARDS, as mentioned, and respiratory failure, atelectasis.
 
(Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a condition in which one or more areas of your alveoli collapse or don't inflate properly. If only a small area or a few small areas of the alveoli are affected, you may have no signs or symptoms.
If a large area or several large areas of the alveoli are affected, they may not be able to deliver enough oxygen to your blood.)
 
Diagnosis
 
Pulmonary contusions are rarely diagnosed on physical examination. The mechanism of injury may suggest blunt chest trauma, and there may be obvious signs of chest wall trauma such as bruising, rib fractures or flail chest. These suggest the presence of an underlying pulmonary contusion. Crackles may be heard on auscultation but are rarely heard in the emergency room and are non-specific.
Severe bilateral pulmonary contusions may present with hypoxia - but more usually hypoxia develops as the pulmonary contusions blossom or as a result of subsequent ARDS.
 
In hospital radiological testing (plain chest x-ray or CAT scan) is best way to diagnose a pulmonary contusion. 

Monday, February 2, 2015

CPAP for NYS EMTs is coming

                                                                  CPAP FOR EMS

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) devices will be coming to NYS EMT's shortly.  Here is a short guide to CPAP.  Since we do not know yet how the NYS BLS Protocols will permit EMTs to use CPAP we will keep it very general for now. It will obviously be used in Acute Pulmonary Edema, but it is unclear if it will be allowed in other emergency situation.

Before we start just remember that CPAP cannot be used in any patient with any of the following conditions EVEN if they are in respiratory distress:

1. Decreased Mental Status / Inability to sit up / Altered Mental Status
2. Respiratory arrest / Apnea /  Respiratory failure / poor inspiratory effort
3. Pneumothorax / Trauma to the thorax / Subcutaneous Emphysema
4. Any form of Shock / Hypotension
5. Nausea / Vomiting / any risk of aspiration
6. Facial Trauma / Abnormalities



How CPAP Works:

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, (CPAP), is the maintenance of positive pressure throughout the complete respiratory cycle, (inspiration and expiration), when breathing spontaneously. CPAP is not the same as Positive End Expiratory Pressure or PEEP. PEEP only provides pressure on the expiratory side by offering resistance to exhalation using a spring-loaded valve or air flow.

 
1. During the inspiratory phase, patients in distress will have to create a higher flow rate of air to meet their needs, this will present as an increase in work-of-breathing (WOB). Patients in respiratory distress may need to achieve inspiratory flow rates greater than 65 liters per min (LPM). With the inspiratory support of CPAP, the patient does not have to work as hard to inhale and overcoming the auto PEEP in the lung. Auto-PEEP represents the abnormal, and usually undetected, residual pressure above atmospheric remaining in the alveoli at end-exhalation due to air trapping.  The auto PEEP has to be overcome each time a person inhales, for a healthy person the work is minimal and goes unnoticed. However, those patients with stiff lungs, (CHF and Pulmonary Fibrosis), have to work extremely hard to overcome the increased auto PEEP on every breath.
 
2. The increased inspiratory pressure also increases the size, therefore the surface area of the
alveoli, providing a greater opportunity for gas exchange or respiration. The process increases the
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) of the lung. The FRC is the area where gas exchange takes place.
 
3. Since a greater oxygen percentage is able to reach the alveoli during CPAP, the partial pressure
of the oxygen molecule will be greater. The higher partial pressure will allow more oxygen to
diffuse into the blood stream improving oxygenation.
 
4. Fluid in the alveolar space cannot only make the lung stiff, (increasing inspiratory
work-of-breathing), it also creates a barrier that can reduce gas exchange. The pressure from CPAP
can reduce the fluid by forcing fluid out of the alveolar space back into the interstitium.
 
5. During the expiratory phase, the patient will breathe against a threshold of resistance that
works as a pneumatic splint to hold the airways open. Patients with chronic lung disease have
weakened airways that have a tendency to collapse on expiration, causing air trapping. Having the
airways stinted open during exhalation will make inspiration on the next breath less difficult.
 
6. The resistance during exhalation can open non-ventilated areas of the lung recruiting alveoli
that have collapsed due to atelectasis, (a collapse of lung tissue affecting part, or all, of one
lung effecting gas exchange).
 7. CPAP decreases pre-load and after-load on the heart reducing the heart’s workload. However, a reduction in pre-load and after-load will have an effect on the patient’s blood pressure. Patients
should have a systolic blood pressure of at least 100 mmHg before starting CPAP.
 
What Types of Patients Are NOT Candidates for CPAP?
Being able to assess and determine who is, and who is not, a candidate for CPAP has a great impact on whether CPAP will be effective or not. CPAP can be a very effective treatment for patients in respiratory distress but is not indicated for patients in respiratory failure. Respiratory distress patients are still compensating even though they may be working hard. It is not uncommon for respiratory distress patients to have oxygen saturations (SpO2 ) and carbon dioxide, (CO2), levels within normal range. Key determinants include; is the patient alert, (even though they are working hard), and can they follow directions. Patients that have gone into respiratory failure may exhibit a decrease in work-of-breathing, CO2 levels climbing, oxygen saturations falling, and their level of consciousness declining, (most likely from CO2 narcosis). CPAP is not indicated for respiratory failure patients.



 
CPAP and Congestive Heart Failure (CHF):
The treatment of Congestive Heart Failure, (CHF), by EMS has changed significantly in the last couple of years. The mainstays of CHF treatment (ALS) in the pre-hospital setting are CPAP and nitroglycerin. The efficacy of Lasix and Morphine is under scrutiny and has been removed from many EMS ALS protocols. Many systems that adopt CPAP start with CHF. The effects of CPAP are well suited for the physiologic issues associated with this disease. Pulmonary edema, associated with CHF, makes the lungs stiff and it is difficult for the patient to inhale; and can be observed as difficulty breathing during the inspiratory phase of ventilation or inspiratory shortness-of-breath. Since CHF is primarily a heart problem, CPAP addresses the side effects of a failing heart and its impact on the lungs.  CHF is a process that will continue to spiral down the cardiogenic shock pathway until the cycle is broken. As the patient’s heart fails, more fluid ends up in the lungs. With more fluid in the lungs, less oxygen makes it to the heart muscle, so the heart fails even more. The first step in stopping the cycle is the early use of CPAP. If the patient does not have lung disease then the airways should function normally and not collapse on exhalation. In this case, the inspiratory pressure will force the fluid out of the lungs, expand the alveoli which, in turn, will increase gas exchange (respirations) improving oxygenation.In addition, with the airways being held open by the expiratory resistance, the patient does not have to overcome
the auto PEEP at the beginning of each breath. With the improvement of gas exchange and reduced impact of auto PEEP, the patient’s work-of-breathing will be reduced. With the reduced work, there will be less stress on the heart. A key factor in the initiation of CPAP is the patient’s blood pressure. It is recommended that the systolic blood pressure be at least 100 mmHg before starting CPAP due to the reduction in pre-load and after-load.
 
More to come after the protocols are released.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

Thoracic Trauma - Tension Pneumothorax

 
Thoracic Trauma Pneumothorax - Tension
 
Tension Pneumothorax
 
Tension pneumothorax is the progressive build-up of air within the pleural space, usually due to a lung laceration which allows air to escape into the pleural space but not to return. Positive pressure ventilation may exacerbate (worsen) this 'one-way-valve' effect.
 
Progressive build-up of pressure in the pleural space pushes the mediastinum to the opposite hemithorax, and obstructs venous return (Inferior and superior vena cava)  to the heart. This leads to circulatory instability and may result in traumatic arrest. The classic signs of a tension pneumothorax are deviation of the trachea away from the side with the tension, a hyper-expanded chest, an increased percussion note and a hyper-expanded chest that moves little with respiration.
 
However these classic signs are usually absent and more commonly the patient is tachycardic and tachypneic, and may be hypoxic. These signs are followed by circulatory collapse with hypotension and subsequent traumatic arrest with pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Breath sounds  may be very difficult to interpret and misleading in the high noise environment of the field. There may also be "referred' sounds from the uninjured side that further complicates diagnosis.
 
Tension pneumothorax may develop insidiously (slowly, without obvious symptoms at first, so that the person is not aware of it developing), especially in patients (COPD, trauma. Asthma)  with positive pressure ventilation (BVM / CPAP). This may happen immediately or some hours down the line. An unexplained tachycardia, hypotension and rise in airway pressure are strongly suggestive of
a developing tension pneumothorax.
 
 
Left side tension pneumothorax.  Note that heat is displaced to patients right side.  Also trachea is shifted to right (away from side with pneumothorax).
 
 
 
EMS Treatment of a Tension Pneumothorax
 
Note:  The information in this section are general guidelines and should be consider permission or instruction in actual patient care.  Follow your local guidelines and medical control in all situations.
 
 
  • BLS treatment
    • O2, rapid transport to trauma center
    • If open (sucking) chest wound consider sealing on three side with occlusive dressing or using commercial sealing device.
    • If patient's condition deteriorates after sealing with occlusive dressing remove dressing and see if patient's condition improves.
    • Avoid positive pressure ventilation if at all possible.
  • ALS treatment
    • All of the above
    • Consider needle Thoracostomy over affected lung to relieve pressure
    • 2nd intercostal space (Between 2nd and 3rd rib). Insert needle superior to 3rd rib to avoid neuro-vascular bundle under 2nd rid.
    • Continue to monitor patient.
 
 
Open or sucking chest wound
 
 
Occlusive dressing
 
 
Asherman chest seal
 
 
Bolin Chest seal
 
 
 
SAM chest seal
 
 
Needle Thoracostomy (ALS Level)
 
 
 
Needle Thoracostomy land marking (2nd intercostal space)